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GEM KNOWLEDGE · LABORATORY NOTES

Brazilian Variscite

Two small spheres tested together to identify their green material and contrasting inclusions.

Tested specimen: 92847 (#4) · Report completed: February 28, 2022

Key finding: Variscite was the major component of both specimens. The smaller sphere also contained a volcanic-rock inclusion, possibly rhyolite, and some iron-rich impure variscite. Some dark areas were carbon-rich and likely hydrocarbon-bearing.

What the report means

The report notes that one carbon-rich patch on the larger sphere may be surface contamination. Its discussion of vanadium and reducing conditions is an interpretation of the tested material. This is the same pair of specimens and report shown under Variscite (Brazil); the Brazil provenance is supplied by Soul Body Gems.

View the original test results

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The images reproduce the laboratory report for the specimen named above.

Understanding the report figures

Use this guide alongside the written findings and the original report transcript. It explains the purpose of each analytical figure and preserves the laboratory’s own figure labels. The interpretations apply to the tested specimen; signals alone do not establish the identity of every similar-looking stone.

  • Electron microscope image: This view shows small-scale regions selected for analysis. Its brightness contrast helps distinguish regions with different compositions; it is not a photograph of their natural colors. Numbered spots connect this view to the analyses listed in the report.

    Laboratory figure caption: Fig. 2: Backscattered electron images of the larger specimen.

  • Elemental spectrum: The peaks record characteristic X-ray signals from elements in the analyzed spot or area. This is an analysis of that location, not automatically of the entire specimen. Any mineral identification or uncertainty named in the laboratory caption is retained below.

    Laboratory figure caption: Fig. 3: Energy dispersive spectral analysis of spot 1 in Fig. 2. (variscite)

  • Electron microscope image: This view shows small-scale regions selected for analysis. Its brightness contrast helps distinguish regions with different compositions; it is not a photograph of their natural colors. Numbered spots connect this view to the analyses listed in the report.

    Laboratory figure caption: Fig. 4: Backscattered electron images of the smaller specimen.

  • Elemental spectrum: The peaks record characteristic X-ray signals from elements in the analyzed spot or area. This is an analysis of that location, not automatically of the entire specimen. Any mineral identification or uncertainty named in the laboratory caption is retained below.

    Laboratory figure caption: Fig. 5: Energy dispersive spectral analysis of spot 1 in Fig. 4. (volcanic rock fragment, possibly rhyolite)

  • Elemental spectrum: The peaks record characteristic X-ray signals from elements in the analyzed spot or area. This is an analysis of that location, not automatically of the entire specimen. Any mineral identification or uncertainty named in the laboratory caption is retained below.

    Laboratory figure caption: Fig. 6: Energy dispersive spectral analysis of spot 3 in Fig. 4. (variscite).

  • Elemental spectrum: The peaks record characteristic X-ray signals from elements in the analyzed spot or area. This is an analysis of that location, not automatically of the entire specimen. Any mineral identification or uncertainty named in the laboratory caption is retained below.

    Laboratory figure caption: Fig. 7: Energy dispersive spectral analysis of spot 4 in Fig. 4. (mixture of variscite with iron-rich impurities).

  • Element map: This map shows where the named elements occur within the analyzed area. Its colors represent the laboratory’s selected element channels, rather than the specimen’s visible colors. The caption below preserves any color key or distribution noted by the laboratory.

    Laboratory figure caption: Fig. 8: X-ray maps of the areas shown in Figs. 2 and 4. Left: carbon: yellow, phosphorus: red; right: carbon: yellow, phoosphorus: red, silicon: blue.

Read the report as text

This transcription makes the laboratory findings, figure captions, and table values available without opening the page images. Refer to the original images above for visual details.

Laboratory report

                                                Analytical Result Report

Sample id: 92847 (#4)
Submitted by: K. Bitner
Date submitted: Feb. 14, 2022.
Date completed: Feb. 28, 2022.
Operating conditions: An AMRAY 1830 SEM operated at 25 kV acceleration potential, 26 mm working distance, 15
degrees sample tilt, coated with 250 Å carbon. Using the X-ray fluorescence attachment with 35 kV potential in
conjunction with the EDS system.




Fig. 1: Photograph of the specimen. 2.5 and 2 cm maximum dimensions.




Fig. 2: Backscattered electron images of the larger specimen.
Fig. 3: Energy dispersive spectral analysis of spot 1 in Fig. 2. (variscite)




Fig. 4: Backscattered electron images of the smaller specimen.
Fig. 5: Energy dispersive spectral analysis of spot 1 in Fig. 4. (volcanic rock fragment, possibly rhyolite)




Fig. 6: Energy dispersive spectral analysis of spot 3 in Fig. 4. (variscite).
Fig. 7: Energy dispersive spectral analysis of spot 4 in Fig. 4. (mixture of variscite with iron-rich impurities).




Fig. 8: X-ray maps of the areas shown in Figs. 2 and 4. Left: carbon: yellow, phosphorus: red; right: carbon: yellow,
phoosphorus: red, silicon: blue.



Table 1: Minor and trace element composition of the variscite portion of the specimen. (in wt. %).

 Calcium                                                          0.04
 Chromium                                                         0.03
 Iron                                                             0.34
 Manganese                                                        0.03
 Titanium                                                         0.10
 Vanadium                                                         0.20


Summary of findings: These specimens (Fig. 1) contain variscite as major component (Figs. 2,3,4 and 6). In the smaller
sphere some inclusions of a volcanic rock, likely rhyolite (Figs. 4 and 5)is present as well and there are some iron-rich
impure variscite areas present (Figs. 4 and 7). The dark areas are carbon-rich (Fig. 8), likely some hydrocarbons. The
presence of vanadium suggests reducing conditions, as the vanadium is trivalent which is the green chromophore. The
patch of carbon-rich material in the alrger specien (left image in Fig. 8, may be a surface contamination. In the smaller
sphere, carbon is present in some of the black areas of the specimen (Fig. 8) (see also Falster, Hanson & Simmons:
Vanadium-bearing wavellite from Garland Cpo., Arkansas. Rocks & Minerals, 1990).




Date: February 28, 2022                        Signature

Report acknowledgment: These analytical results and report materials are the property of Soul Body Gems, Alexander Falster, and the Maine Mineral & Gem Museum. Any use or mention of these results requires full acknowledgment of all three.

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Results shown here apply to the specimens identified in the reports. A trade name or visual resemblance alone does not establish the composition of another piece.